tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35895585056667318622024-03-14T02:27:02.844-07:00What is skin cancer?What is skin cancer? what causes skin cancer? what does skin cancer look like? how to prevent skin cancer?Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger134125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-21768642407944017322007-07-27T19:37:00.000-07:002009-03-24T16:19:46.766-07:00Privacy Policy for what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">Privacy Policy for what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com</span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>If you require any more information or have any questions about our privacy policy, please feel free to contact us by email at sheridean@gmail.com.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>At what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com, the privacy of our visitors is of extreme importance to us. This privacy policy document outlines the types of personal information is received and collected by what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com and how it is used.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">Log Files</span></div><div>Like many other Web sites, what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com makes use of log files. The information inside the log files includes internet protocol ( IP ) addresses, type of browser, Internet Service Provider ( ISP ), date/time stamp, referring/exit pages, and number of clicks to analyze trends, administer the site, track user’s movement around the site, and gather demographic information. 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More detailed information about cookie management with specific web browsers can be found at the browsers' respective websites.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">"Update"</span> </div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.doubleclick.com/privacy/faq.aspx">Information about Google and the DoubleClick DART cookie:</a></span> </div><div>The DoubleClick DART cookie is used by Google in the ads served on this website displaying AdSense for content ads. When you visit this AdSense publisher's website and either view or click on an ad, a cookie may be dropped on your browser. The data gathered from these cookies will be used to help AdSense publishers better serve and manage the ads on their site(s) and across the web.</div><div>Google, as a third party vendor, uses the DoubleClick DART cookie to serve ads on this site. </div><div>Google's use of the DART cookie enables it to serve ads to this site's users based on their visit to this particular site and other sites on the Internet. </div><div>Users may opt out of the use of the DART cookie by visiting the <a href="http://www.google.com/privacy_ads.html">Google ad and content network privacy policy. </a></div><div> </div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-64212633544809859902008-01-07T11:35:00.000-08:002008-09-29T23:40:41.840-07:00Treating Actinic Keratoses<span> </span><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20awareness">Skin cancer </a><span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20awareness">awareness</a> </span>---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20videos">skin cancer <span style="font-style: italic;">videos</span></a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/squamous%20cell%20carcinoma">Squamous cell carcinoma</a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/Actinic%20Keratosis">Actinic keratosis</a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/treatment%20of%20Actinic%20keratosis">treatment of Actinic keratosis<br /></a><br /><span>Because pre-cancerous lesions can become full-blown skin cancer, it's important to treat them immediately upon diagnosis.</span><br /><br /><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><object height="355" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/fNoZTEw9t6k&hl=en"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/fNoZTEw9t6k&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="355" width="425"></embed></object><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-14736613892058735662008-02-06T09:13:00.000-08:002008-09-28T04:40:22.817-07:00Examining Skin Growths<span><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span></span><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20awareness">Skin cancer </a><span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20awareness">awareness</a> </span>---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20videos">skin cancer <span style="font-style: italic;">videos</span> </a>---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/Skin%20cancer">Skin cancer</a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/types%20of%20skin%20cancer">types of skin cancer</a><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/types%20of%20skin%20cancer"><br /></a><br /><span>You know that something strange has cropped up on your body, but what it is has you clueless. Check out this video for help!</span><br /><br /><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><object height="355" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/DsznOhIs-6E"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/DsznOhIs-6E" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="355" width="425"></embed></object><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-379108537697240742008-02-07T09:18:00.000-08:002008-09-28T04:38:05.213-07:00Top 10 Tips for Preventing Skin Cancer<span> </span><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20awareness">Skin cancer </a><span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20awareness">awareness</a> </span>---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20videos">skin cancer <span style="font-style: italic;">videos</span></a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/Skin%20cancer">Skin cancer</a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/how%20to%20prevent%20skin%20cancer%3F"><span>How to prevent skin cancer?</span></a><br /><br /><span>Skin cancer doesn't have to happen! Keep watching for 10 tips that will help keep your skin cancer-free.</span><br /><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><object height="355" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/uZob6KT3itQ"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/uZob6KT3itQ" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="355" width="425"></embed></object><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-71837169039160553302008-03-09T09:11:00.000-07:002008-09-28T04:36:44.202-07:00Understanding Melanoma<span> </span><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20awareness">Skin cancer </a><span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20awareness">awareness</a> </span>---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20videos">skin cancer <span style="font-style: italic;">videos</span></a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/melanoma%20skin%20cancer">melanoma </a><span><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/melanoma%20skin%20cancer">skin cancer</a> </span>---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/melanoma%20information">melanoma information</a><br /><br /><span>Melanoma is the most rare—and the most serious—type of skin cancer. Learn more about melanoma.</span><br /><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><object height="355" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/wFeuNzSWYus"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/wFeuNzSWYus" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="355" width="425"></embed></object><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-40062791699551307922008-03-09T09:33:00.000-07:002008-09-28T04:35:29.051-07:00Treating Melanoma<span> </span><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20awareness">Skin cancer </a><span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20awareness">awareness</a> </span>---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20videos">skin cancer <span style="font-style: italic;">videos</span></a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/melanoma%20skin%20cancer">melanoma <span>skin cancer</span></a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/melanoma%20treatment">melanoma treatment<br /></a><br /><br /><span>If left untreated, melanoma can be fatal. Luckily, there are a host of options that can prevent this.</span><br /><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;" ontop="true"></div><object height="355" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/WwxIuHaaEMg"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/WwxIuHaaEMg" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="355" width="425"></embed></object><div style="padding-left: 0px; display: none;"></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-86895954552149378062008-04-28T15:22:00.000-07:002008-09-28T04:34:26.180-07:00How to achieve a broad spectrum tanning<a href="http://www.uvablue.com/uv-chart.swf" target="http://www.uvablue.com/uv-chart.swf"><img src="http://i201.photobucket.com/albums/aa276/avatar4u2/skincancer.gif" alt="skin cancer" border="0" /></a><br /><br />Traditionally sunscreen products have focused on <span style="font-weight: bold;">UVB</span> protection, and during the last decade also on <span style="font-weight: bold;">UVA</span> protection. Scientific studies clearly demonstrate damages in human skin originating from exposure to UVA radiation - in particular related to photo ageing and to the severe skin cancer malignant melanoma.<br /><br />Recent documentation also demonstrates a risk from <span style="font-weight: bold;">visible blue</span> light radiation. Even though the mechanisms of these damages are poorly understood, there is little doubt that both UVA light and visible blue light is harmful, responsible for substantial degradation of the skin’s structure as well as instability and mutations in the skin’s DNA.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Basal cells</span> form the base layer of the epidermis.<br />Basal cell carcinoma develops in the basal cells, and is the most common skin cancer in humans. Although it is a slow growing cancer it can be very destructive and disfiguring. Basal cell cancers rarely metastasize, and the cancer can usually be cured when detected.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Keratinocytes</span> (also called squamous cells) are the major cell type of the epidermis, constituting 90% of the epidermal cells. They have their origin from stem cells in the basal layer, and end their life as dead cells in the stratum corneum.<br />Squamous cell carcinoma is a skin cancer that originates in the keratinocytes. The cancer can be lethal because of its ability to metastasize (move to other, healthy parts of the body).<br /><br />One way of <span style="font-weight: bold;">describing light</span> is in terms of waves. The length of the waves – wavelengths - can be translated to energy, as shorter wavelengths are higher in energy. The penetration of light through any material depends on the wavelength: Shorter wavelengths are more likely to be reflected while longer wavelengths penetrate. This is why longer wavelengths penetrate the skin more deeply than shorter wavelengths.<br /><br />The <span style="font-weight: bold;">stratum corneum</span> is the upper part of the epidermal skin layer. It consists of dead, flattened cells with a high content of the fibrous structural protein keratine. The stratum corneum is important to the skin’s strength to outer stress, and skin located at e.g. the soles of the feet has a thicker stratum corneum with a higher content of keratin.<br /><br />The <span style="font-weight: bold;">dermis</span> is below the epidermis and contains a number of structures including blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands and lymphatic tissue. The layer also has a high content of collagen and other elastic materials important to the skin’s strength, its ability to fight off infections and repair itself. Effects like ageing and wrinkling of the skin is much due to a breakdown of the elasticity of this layer.<br />The dermis is below the epidermis and contains a number of structures including blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands and lymphatic tissue. The layer also has a high content of collagen and other elastic materials important to the skin’s strength, its ability to fight off infections and repair itself. Effects like ageing and wrinkling of the skin is much due to a breakdown of the elasticity of this layer.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Solar radiation </span>penetrating the atmosphere consists of <span style="font-weight: bold;">Ultra Violet (UV)</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">visible light</span> and <span style="font-weight: bold;">Infrared (IR)</span> wavelengths. The radiation penetrates the human skin with different efficiency, higher wavelengths penetrating deeper into the skin than lower. Overexposure of sun rays can cause burns and DNA deformations leading to skin cancers, damages to the immune system and other photo damages like photo ageing.<br />When sun rays hits the skin surface it consists primarily of infrared and visible radiation, with only a small portion being within the Ultraviolet spectrum. <span style="font-style: italic;">The portion of UVA rays are about 10 times higher than UVB rays.</span> This means that even though the UVB rays induce skin damage more efficiently, UVA and visible rays reach the cells of the skin more frequently.<br />Most of the solar radiation induced skin damage is done in the top skin layer, called epidermis. The epidermis is protected by the stratum corneum, a layer of dead cells. Important cells in the epidermis are Basal cells, Melanocytes and Keratinocytes.<br /><br />UVB, UVA and visible blue light radiation are all important in the induction of skin cancer in humans. Skin cancer can originate in either of the three cell types of the epidermis, causing Malignant melanoma (malignant tumour of melanocytes), Squamous cell carcinoma (malignant tumour of keratinocytes), or basal cell carcinoma (malignant tumour of basal cells). Malignant melanoma is the most severe skin cancer with a mortality rate of approximately 50%.<br /><br />UVB rays are the main cause of erythema (sun burn). Previously it was believed that UVB rays where the only rays capable of inducing DNA damage and skin cancers. Today’s knowledge reveals that rays in the UVA spectrum (and in the visible blue light spectrum) play a significant role in the cancer induction.<br /><br />Few studies have been done on the harmful effects of visible blue light radiation. However, recent research shows that DNA damages are indeed induced by solar radiation in the upper UVA and in the visible blue light region - a clear indication that also the <span style="font-style: italic;">lower energy wavelengths</span> can have a significant impact on the skin’s health.<br /><br />Applied to the skin surface, sunscreens act by absorbing or reflecting rays in the UVB and partly UVA parts of the solar spectrum - preventing solar radiation induced damages on skin cells. Today’s sunscreens, however, do not give sufficient protection against upper UVA and visible blue light rays. As today’s filters allow us to spend more time in the sun without getting burned, researchers worry that we are over-exposed to UVA and blue light.<br /><br />Absorbing sun rays in the UVA and blue light range of the solar spectrum, combined with a UVB sunscreen, will add the ultimate broad spectrum protection to a sunscreen composition, preventing the damage of important cellular molecules.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-16958519772887724542007-12-04T06:22:00.000-08:002008-09-28T04:30:34.608-07:00Basal Cell Carcnoma Higher Risk Factors<a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/non%20melanoma%20skin%20cancer">Non melanoma skin cancer</a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/basal%20cell%20carcinoma">Basal cell carcinoma</a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/metastatic%20risk">metastatic <span style="font-style: italic;">risk</span></a><br /><br />These include the following factors:<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Recurrent tumor</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Anatomic location</span><br />High risk: central face, eyelid, eyebrow, <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-p.html">periorbital</a>, nose, lip, chin, mandible, temple, ear, in front or behind the ear, genitalia, hand and foot<br />Medium risk: cheeks, forehead, scalp, and neck<br />Low risk: trunk, extremity (excluding hand/foot)<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Size</span><br />Lesions +6 mm on high-risk area<br />Lesions +10 mm on medium-risk area<br />Lesions +20 mm on low-risk area<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Histologic subtype pattern</span><br />Aggressive growth (<a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-m.html">morpheaform</a>, <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-f.html">fibrosing</a>, <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-s.html">sclerosing</a>, infiltrating)<br /><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-m.html">Micronodular</a><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Ill-defined clinical borders</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-p.html">Perineural</a> invasion</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Development in sites of prior radiation</span><br /><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-i.html"><span style="font-style: italic;">Immunosuppression</span></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-14610017682799739532008-01-05T06:33:00.000-08:002008-09-28T04:29:24.200-07:00Squamous Cell Carcnoma Higher Risk Factors<a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/non%20melanoma%20skin%20cancer">Non melanoma skin cancer</a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/squamous%20cell%20carcinoma">squamous cell carcinoma</a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/metastatic%20risk">metastatic <span style="font-style: italic;">risk</span><br /></a><br />These include the following factors:<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Recurrent tumor</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Anatomic location</span><br />High risk: central face, eyelid, eyebrow, <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-p.html">periorbital</a>, nose, lip, chin, mandible, temple, ear, in front or behind the ear, genitalia, hand and foot<br />Medium risk: cheeks, forehead, scalp, and neck<br />Low risk: trunk, extremity (excluding hand/foot)<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Size</span><br />Lesions +6 mm on high-risk area<br />Lesions +10 mm on medium-risk area<br />Lesions +20 mm on low-risk area<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Histology</span><br />Poorly differentiated<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Depth of invasion</span><br />Clark's level IV (lesion that involves the reticular dermis), V (lesion that invades into subcutaneous fat), or +4 mm<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-p.html">Perineural</a> invasion</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Rapid growth</span><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Etiology</span><br />Scar, chronic ulcer or inflammatory process, sinus tract, sites of prior radiation therapy<br /><br /><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-i.html"><span style="font-style: italic;">Immunosupression</span></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-82033871028862499782008-04-25T05:31:00.000-07:002008-09-28T04:24:41.661-07:00What is skin cancerSkin cancer is the fastest growing type of cancer in the United States. Skin cancer represents the most commonly diagnosed malignancy. More than 1 million Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer in 2007.<br />Skin cancer is a malignant growth on the skin (Uncontrolled proliferation of skin cells) which can have many causes. The cells of a cancerous growth originate from a single cell that reproduces uncontrollably, resulting in the formation of a tumor. Skin cancer generally develops in the epidermis (the outermost layer of skin), so a tumor is usually clearly visible. This makes most skin cancers detectable in the early stages. Skin cancer is often subdivided into either melanoma or non-melanoma. Each of the three common types of skin cancer, is named after the type of skin cell from which it arises. Melanoma is a tumor arising from a skin cell capable of making the pigment melanin (a <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-m.html">melanocyte</a>). Non-melanoma skin cancer most often originates from the external skin surface as a squamous cell carcinoma or a basal cell carcinoma. Surgical removal is the treatment of choice, and sun protection has been shown to dramatically reduce the incidence of this illness. Cancers caused by UV exposure may be prevented by avoiding exposure to sunlight or other UV sources, wearing sun-protective clothes, and using a broad-spectrum sun screen.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-26793334212961531592008-03-25T10:25:00.000-07:002008-09-28T04:23:27.402-07:00Causes of Melanoma<a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/melanoma%20skin%20cancer">Melanoma skin cancer</a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/causes%20of%20melanoma">Causes of melanoma</a><br /><br />Numerous environmental and genetic risk factors have been implicated in the development of cutaneous melanoma. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Risk factors</span> include ultraviolet light (UVL) exposure, fair complexion/inability to tan, blue or green eyes, blonde or red hair, freckling, history of actinic <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-k.html">keratosis </a>or nonmelanoma skin cancer, history of blistering or peeling sunburns, <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-i.html">immunosuppression</a>, personal or family history of melanoma, <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-x.html">xeroderma pigmentosa</a>, atypical (<a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-d.html">dysplastic</a>) nevus, more than 100 normal nevi, and giant congenital <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-m.html">melanocytic</a> nevus. Patients with a significant history of sun exposure are at particularly high risk, especially if they experienced peeling or blistering sunburns, even during childhood. Melanoma occurs infrequently in skin of color, suggesting that skin pigment plays a protective role. Melanoma incidence is subject to large geographic and ethnic variations, mainly because of an inverse correlation with latitude and with degree of skin pigmentation. Populations residing closer to the equator have a higher incidence of melanoma. Certainly UVL exposure from sun or artificial light sources is considered the best-known risk factor. However, UVL exposure does not cause all or even most melanomas.<br />Adults with more than 100 clinically normal-appearing nevi, children with more than 50 clinically normal-appearing nevi, and any patient with atypical or dysplastic nevi are at risk. A prior history of melanoma places a patient at increased risk, with 5% to 10% of individuals developing a second primary melanoma. This risk of developing a second primary is lifelong and can occur anywhere on the skin. Therefore, long-term surveillance with a thorough total body examination is recommended.<br />A genetic component has been implicated in the pathogenesis of melanoma. Of patients with melanoma, 10% to 15% report a positive family history. The genetic etiology of melanoma represents an area of future discovery.<br />The hereditary nature of cutaneous melanoma was also noted in the 1970s. Members afflicted with the B-K mole syndrome, named after two families, acquired large, irregular, and dysplastic nevi, often in sun-protected regions of the body such as the scalp and trunk. Familial association of melanoma among individuals with atypical nevi, is termed Familial Atypical Multiple Mole-Melanoma Syndrome, or FAMMM syndrome, with an <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary_30.html">autosomal</a> dominant inheritance pattern. An atypical nevus is not a pre melanoma but represents a genetic marker for increased risk of development of melanoma, which may occur anywhere on the skin surface including sun-protected sites. In fact more than 50% to 75% of melanomas develop on clinically normal skin <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-d.html">de novo</a>, not in preexisting melanocytic lesions.<br />Xeroderma pigmentosa (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder associated with a reduced or absent ability to repair DNA damaged by ultraviolet light. Consequently, this disorder results in the development of multiple primary cutaneous malignancies, including melanoma as well as BCC and SCC. Individuals are usually diagnosed with their first cancer before the age of 10 years. Unfortunately, the development of skin cancers is relentless.<br />Congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) are present at birth or appear within the first 6 months of infancy. An estimated 1% to 6% of children are born with CMN. The nevi are classified by size. Small CMN measure less than 1.5 cm in diameter and account for the majority of lesions. Medium CMN measure between 1.5 and 19.9 cm in diameter. Large CMN, also termed giant congenital nevi, measure 20 cm or greater. This large size can lead to significant cosmetic and psychosocial implications. The risk of melanoma development in small and medium-size CMN is similar to any other area of skin. Melanoma development in small and medium CMN usually occurs after childhood and arises from the <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-d.html">dermoepidermal</a> junction, making early detection feasible. Routine prophylactic removal of small and medium CMN is rarely indicated in the absence of signs or symptoms for malignant progression. Conversely, giant congenital nevi carry an increased risk for melanoma, with an estimated rate of 5% to 20%. Of giant congenital nevi that progress to melanoma, 70% are diagnosed prior to age 10 years. Melanoma can originate deep in the epidermis in giant congenital nevi. Consequently, diagnosis within the setting of giant congenital nevi is challenging and may develop deep in the skin with a more advanced primary lesion.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-77761627750072840242008-05-16T01:13:00.000-07:002008-09-28T04:19:25.393-07:00Melanoma Staging System, TNM Definitions<span style="font-weight: bold;">PRIMARY TUMOR</span><br />TX: Cannot be assessed (shave biopsy, regressed lesion)<br />T0: Unknown primary<br />Tis: In situ melanoma<br />T1: -1.0 mm Breslow thickness<br /><br />a. without ulceration<br /><br />b. with ulceration or Clark level IV or V<br /><br />T2: 1.01 to 2.0 mm<br /><br />a. without ulceration<br /><br />b. with ulceration<br /><br />T3: 2.01 to 4.0 mm<br /><br />a. without ulceration<br /><br />b. with ulceration<br /><br />T4: more than 4.0 mm<br /><br />a. without ulceration<br /><br />b. with ulceration<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">REGIONAL LYMPH NODE INVOLVEMENT</span><br />NX: Cannot be assessed (previously removed)<br />N0: No regional node metastasis<br />N1: Metastasis in one regional node<br /><br />a. micrometastasis (diagnosed by SLNB or elective lymph node dissection)<br /><br />b. macrometastasis (clinically palpable or found on imaging studies, confirmed histologically, or gross extracapsular extension)<br /><br />N2: Metastasis in two to three regional nodes<br /><br />a. micrometastasis<br /><br />b. macrometastasis<br /><br />c. in-transit or satellite metastasis without nodal metastasis<br /><br />N3: Metastasis to regional nodes, matted nodes, or in-transit or satellite metastasis with positive metastatic nodes<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">DISTANT METASTASIS</span><br />MX: Cannot be assessed<br />M0: No distant metastasis<br />M1a: Distant skin, subcutaneous, or lymph node metastasis with normal LDH<br />M1b: Lung metastasis with normal LDH<br />M1c: All other distant metastasis or any distant site with elevated LDHUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-6646658053371956692008-05-28T06:03:00.000-07:002008-09-28T04:16:50.491-07:00Atypical Mole (Dysplastic Nevus) Syndrome<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p><b>Familial melanoma and melanoma precursors.<o:p></o:p></b><br />Cutaneous melanoma may occur as isolated, so-called sporadic cases; in association with multiple atypical nevi; or in familial clusters, in which case it is referred to as the atypical-mole syndrome (AMS), formerly known as dysplastic nevus syndrome. In the late 1970s, the dysplastic nevus (DN) or atypical mole (AM) was identified in melanoma-prone families. It was then determined that AMs are cutaneous markers that identify specific family members who are at increased risk for melanoma. The AM <span style=""> </span>may also be the single most important precursor lesion of melanoma. These nevi may occur in persons from melanoma-prone families and in persons who lack both a family history and a personal history of melanoma. <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Atypical-mole syndrome and familial melanoma.<o:p></o:p></b><br />Numerous families with multiple melanoma patients have been reported. These patients usually develop melanoma at a young age, have a predisposition to multiple primary melanomas, and have the tendency to develop thin, superficial-spreading melanomas. Large, unusual-looking moles were initially recognized as a precursor to melanoma in patients with familial cutaneous melanoma. This syndrome was named B-K mole syndrome from two of the probands, and the precursor nevi were designated as B-K moles and later referred to as dysplastic nevi. <span style=""> </span>The syndrome is now called the atypical-mole syndrome. Recent estimates suggest that approximately 32,000 persons in the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region> have familial atypical-mole syndrome with familial melanoma, accounting for approximately 5.5% of all melanomas diagnosed. Hereditary malignant melanoma and atypical moles represent pleiotropic effects of a mendelian autosomal dominant gene with high penetrance.<br />One study showed that the hereditary cutaneous malignant melanoma/atypical-mole syndrome does not predispose to other cancers. <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p><b>Definition.<o:p></o:p></b><br />The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Melanoma has defined the familial atypical mole and melanoma syndrome as (1) the occurrence of malignant melanoma in one or more first- or second-degree relatives; (2) a large number of melanocytic nevi (MN), often more than 50, some of which are atypical and often variable in size; and (3) melanocytic nevi that demonstrate certain histologic features. AMS probably represents a spectrum. At one end all members of a kindred have AMs and some have malignant melanoma (MM). At the other end are persons with one AM without a personal and/or family history of MM.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p><b>Association with melanoma.<o:p></o:p></b><br />Patients with AMS, familial or sporadic, are at significant risk for developing melanoma. Atypical moles have been observed in 8% of patients with nonfamilial (sporadic) melanoma, and the transformation into superficial-spreading melanoma has been photographically documented. Family members without atypical moles do not show any apparent increase in melanoma risk. The frequency of sporadic AMs in the general population is unknown.<br />Atypical moles are found on the skin of 90% of patients with hereditary melanomas, and more than 50% of melanomas in this group are associated histologically with and probably evolve from atypical moles. <span style=""> </span>The lifetime risk of developing cutaneous melanoma among the white population in the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region> is approximately 0.8%, or 1 in 125. Persons who have AMs and no family members with the disease have a 6% risk of developing melanoma. <span style=""> </span>Persons who have AMs and a history of melanoma have a 10% risk of getting a second melanoma; persons who have AMs and have a family member with melanoma have a 15% risk. The lifetime risk of melanoma approaches 100% for those people with AMs from families with two or more first-degree relatives who have cutaneous melanoma.<br />Among atypical-mole-bearing family members, those patients with melanoma have very large numbers of nevi more frequently than patients with AMs without melanoma. Family members with AMs have more nevi than do patients who have only common acquired nevi.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p><b>Clinical features of atypical moles<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><u>Morphology.<o:p></o:p></u></i><br />These unusual nevi differ in a number of important ways from typical acquired pigmented nevi or moles. Atypical moles are larger than common moles. They have a mixture of colors, including tan, brown, pink, and black. The border is irregular and indistinct and often fades into the surrounding skin. The surface is complex and variable, with both macular and papular components. A characteristic presentation is a pigmented papule surrounded by a macular collar of pigmentation ("fried-egg lesion"). In one study, the total number of nevi and macular components were the only useful features to predict histologic melanocytic dysplasia. However, "fried-egg lesions" often do not display histologic melanocytic dysplasia. In contrast, the absence of a macular component in melanocytic nevi in a person with fewer than 13 total body nevi accurately predicts the absence of melanocytic dysplasia on histologic examination. <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><u>Development and distribution.<o:p></o:p></u></i><br />Atypical moles are not present at birth, but begin to appear in the mid-childhood years as typical common moles. The appearance changes at puberty, and newer lesions continue to appear well after the age of 40. <span style=""> </span>Common moles occur most often on sun-exposed areas. AMs occur in those locations and at unusual sites such as the scalp, buttocks, and breast. The predilection sites for melanoma in familial AMS patients of both sexes correspond with the distribution of nevi; in males nevi and melanoma counts are higher on the back, in females both the back and the lower extremities are affected. These findings strongly suggest an association between nevus distribution and melanoma occurrence and site in familial AMS. <span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><u>Histology.<o:p></o:p></u></i><br />The NIH Consensus Conference listed the histologic criteria as follows: architectural disorder with asymmetry, subepidermal (concentric eosinophilic and/or lamellar) fibroplasia, and lentiginous melanocytic hyperplasia with spindle or epithelioid melanocytes aggregating in nests of variable size and forming bridges between<br />adjacent rete ridges. Melanocytic atypia may be present to a variable degree. In addition, there may be dermal infiltration with lymphocytes, as well as the "shoulder" phenomenon (intraepidermal melanocytes extending singly or in nests beyond the main dermal component). </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-82386812996445782862008-04-28T15:17:00.000-07:002008-09-28T04:14:01.224-07:00What is tanning<a href="http://www.thetanningshop.co.uk/images/movie/tanning_process.swf" target="_blank"><img src="http://i201.photobucket.com/albums/aa276/avatar4u2/skin004.gif" alt="skin cancer" border="0" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-11041278898879843572008-05-01T16:05:00.000-07:002008-09-28T04:07:04.505-07:00What is Skin phototype<b>Skin phototype</b> depends on the amount of melanin pigment in the skin. It is assessed on a scale from 1 to 6. Melanin is produced by melanocytes, through a process called melanogenesis.<br />There are both basal and activated levels of melanogenesis; lighter-skinned people generally have low basal levels of melanogenesis, and exposure to UV radiation generally causes increased melanogenesis.<br />There are typically between 1000 and 2000 melanocytes per square millimeter of skin. Melanocytes comprise from 5% to 10% of the cells in the basal layer of epidermis. Although their size can vary, melanocytes are typically 7 micrometers in length.<br />The difference in skin color between fair people and dark people is due not to the number (quantity) of melanocytes in their skin, but to the melanocytes' level of activity..<br /><br /><table border="1"><tbody><tr><td>Skin Phototype</td><td>Typical Features</td><td>Tanning ability</td></tr><tr><td>I</td><td>Pale white skin, blue/hazel eyes, blond/red hair</td><td>Always burns, does not tan</td></tr><tr><td>II</td><td>Fair skin, blue eyes</td><td>Burns easily, tans poorly</td></tr><tr><td>III</td><td>Darker white skin</td><td>Tans after initial burn</td></tr><tr><td>IV</td><td>Light brown skin</td><td>Burns minimally, tans easily</td></tr><tr><td>V</td><td>Brown skin</td><td>Rarely burns, tans darkly easily</td></tr><tr><td>VI</td><td>Dark brown or black skin</td><td>Never burns, always tans darkly</td></tr></tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-28759684585583397452008-03-26T23:01:00.000-07:002008-09-28T04:05:22.325-07:00Skin Mole or Nevus<a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/melanoma%20skin%20cancer">Melanoma skin cancer</a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/Pre%20skin%20cancer"><span style="font-style: italic;">Pre</span> skin cancer</a> ---> <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/search/label/skin%20cancer%20moles">skin cancer <span style="font-style: italic;">moles</span><br /></a><br /><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-l.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Lentigo</span></a><br />A lentigo is a common lesion that presents as a small, pigmented <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-m.html">macule</a> due to an increase in the number of <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-m.html">melanocytes</a> within the basal layer of the epidermis. These are unaffected by sunlight. Solar <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-l.html">lentigines</a> develop on sun-exposed sites following either acute severe sunburn in young adults or chronic ultraviolet exposure in the elderly. Multiple lentigines may rarely be a manifestation of <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-p.html">Peutz-Jeghers syndrome</a>, particularly when distributed on the lips, <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-b.html">buccal</a> mucosa and <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary_30.html">acral</a> sites.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Acquired melanocytic nevi </span><br />Acquired melanocytic nevi are common benign proliferations of melanocytes. They can be classified according to the site of the cluster of melanocytes. <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-j.html">Junctional</a> nevi describe the position of the cells at the dermal-epidermal junction above the basement membrane. <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-i.html">Intradermal</a> nevi describe cells that are exclusively in the dermis. Compound nevi have histological features of both junctional and intradermal nevi.<br />Junctional nevi present as small, dark brown, evenly pigmented, symmetrical macules. The majority of naevi in children are junctional and occur on any body site. Compound nevi (where melanocytes are present in both the epidermis and dermis) occur at any site and vary from light brown <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-p.html">papules</a> to dark brown <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-p.html">papillomatous</a> plaques. Intradermal nevi are usually detected in the third decade, frequently on the face, and may be devoid of pigment. They may be dome-shaped or <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-p.html">pedunculated</a> skin tags. These lesions appear in early childhood and reach a maximum in young adulthood. There is then a gradual involution, and most lesions disappear by the age of 60. A skin biopsy is only required when clinical differentiation from malignant melanoma is difficult.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Blue nevus </span><br />A blue nevus is an acquired, benign, firm, dark blue to black, sharply defined papule representing a deep dermal aggregate of melanocytes. The dermal melanocytes are thought to represent melanocytes which have failed to migrate from the neural crest to the epidermis during fetal life. Blue nevus is most common on the <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-d.html">dorsum</a> of hands or feet of older children and young adults. Malignant change is very rare.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Spitz nevus </span><br />A Spitz nevus is a benign melanocytic tumor that is distinct from acquired melanocytic nevi on both clinical and pathological grounds. The majority occur in children as a discrete, red-brown or pink papule on the face. The clinical presentation is distinctive and there is often a history of recent rapid growth. Differentiation from malignant melanoma may be difficult and in these cases complete excision is recommended.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Mongolian spot</span><br />A Mongolian spot is a congenital grey-blue macular lesion that can occur anywhere on the skin but is characteristically located on the lumbo-sacral area. <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-h.html">Histologically</a> there are <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-e.html">ectopic</a> melanocytes in the dermis, possibly interrupted in their migration from the neural crest to the epidermis. Mongolian spots disappear in early childhood. No melanomas have been reported in these lesions.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nevus spilus </span><br />A nevus <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-s.html">spilus</a> is a common lesion consisting of a light brown macule, varying in size from a few centimeters to a very large area, with many darker small macules (2-3 mm) or papules scattered throughout. Histologically, the background macule shows an increased number of melanocytes and the scattered lesions are either junctional or compound nevi. Malignant melanoma very rarely arises in these lesions.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dysplastic melanocytic nevus </span><br /><a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary-d.html">Dysplastic</a> melanocytic nevi are melanocytic lesions with atypical clinical and histological features. They are regarded as potential precursors of superficial spreading melanoma and also as markers of persons at risk for developing primary malignant melanoma. These pigmented lesions are clinically distinct from acquired melanocytic nevi, being larger and more variegated in color, with an asymmetrical outline and irregular border. Lesions may occur sporadically or may arise against a background of dysplastic nevus syndrome, an <a href="http://what-is-skin-cancer.blogspot.com/2007/09/glossary_30.html">autosomal</a> dominant condition with multiple atypical nevi. Surgical excision of lesions with minimal margins is recommended, especially in lesions that are changing or those that cannot be closely followed by the patient (on the scalp or back).<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">CLINICAL ALERT</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Six signs of malignant melanoma</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">A</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Asymmetry in shape</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">B</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Border is irregular</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">C</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Color variation-shades of brown, black, grey, red and white</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">D</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Diameter is usually large, >6 mm</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">E</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Elevation is almost always present</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-76784393448939402312008-05-17T11:41:00.000-07:002008-09-28T04:03:02.284-07:00What is Actinic KeratosisActinic keratoses are common, sun-induced, premalignant lesions that increase with age. Light-complected individuals are more susceptible than those with dark complexions. Years of sun exposure are required to induce sufficient damage to cause lesions. Actinic keratoses may undergo spontaneous remission if sunlight exposure is reduced, but new lesions may appear. Patients often present with lesions that were first noticed during the summer, suggesting that the lesions may become more active after sunlight exposure.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">What are the symptoms and signs of Actinic Keratosis?</span><br />Actinic keratoses begin as an area of increased vascularity, with the skin surface becoming slightly rough. Texture is the key to diagnosing early lesions. They are better recognized by palpation than by inspection. Very gradually, an adherent yellow crust forms, the removal of which may cause bleeding . Individual lesions vary in size from 3 to 6 mm. The extent of disease varies from a single lesion to involvement of the entire forehead, balding scalp, or temples. Induration, inflammation, and oozing suggest degeneration into malignancy. Keratin may accumulate and form a cutaneous horn, particularly on the superior aspects of the pinna.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">What are the changes of Actinic Keratosis at </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">cellular level</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">?</span><br />Histologically, an actinic keratosis consists of atypical squamous cells confined to the epidermis. The follicles are not involved, so there is no follicular plugging. Penetration through the dermoepidermal junction and into the dermis indicates the development of a squamous cell carcinoma.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">How is Actinic Keratosis related to squamous cell carcinoma?<br /></span>After several years, a small percentage of lesions may degenerate into squamous cell carcinomas. A very low yearly transformation rate for single lesions can translate into a substantial lifetime risk of transformation for patients with several actinic keratoses. Up to 60% of squamous cell carcinomas develop from actinic keratosis. Squamous cell carcinomas that evolve from actinic keratosis are not aggressive, but may eventually metastasize. All patients with actinic keratosis should be examined carefully for basal cell carcinomas.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">What about Actinic Keratosis treatment?<br /></span>Because actinic keratoses sometimes undergo spontaneous remission, definitive treatment may be delayed for patients with a few superficial lesions. Small lesions should be reexamined at a later date for spontaneous remission. Patients should make every effort to prevent further sun damage. This does not mean that patients must hibernate for a lifetime, but they should understand techniques to reduce sunlight exposure.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Cryotherapy.</span><br />Cryotherapy is the treatment of choice for most isolated, superficial, actinic keratoses. Actinic keratosis resides in the epithelium. Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen causes the separation of the epidermis and dermis, resulting in a highly specific, nonscarring method of therapy for superficial lesions. Patients with darker complexions may develop hypopigmented areas after freezing, and treating multiple lesions on the faces of such patients may result in white-spotted faces. 5-FU is the best alternative.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Surgical removal.</span><br />Individual indurated lesions or those with thick crusts should be removed with minor surgical procedures. It is unnecessary to biopsy lesions less than 0.5 cm. Larger lesions or those occurring about or on the vermilion border of the lips should be examined. Electrodesiccation and curettage easily remove small, thicker lesions. The CO2 laser may be superior to vermilionectomy for actinic cheilitis too extensive to be treated with topical 5-FU.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Tretinoin.</span><br />Experience is accumulating that tretinoin (Retin-A) used alone or in combination with topical 5-FU is an effective treatment for certain actinic keratoses. Patients with mild actinic damage who show only erythema and scaling may be treated with tretinoin 0.05% to 0.1% cream applied once a day. If a few focal areas of scale do not respond after 2 to 4 months, they can be treated with cryotherapy. Tretinoin slightly enhances the effectiveness of 5-FU, thereby shortening treatment time, but intensifying tissue reaction and discomfort. Combination therapy is probably not worth the trouble.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Sunscreens.</span><br />Regular use of sunscreens prevents the development of solar keratoses. Sunscreens that contain a combination of ingredients to block both the UVA and UVB spectrum of ultraviolet light are most effective. Shade UVA Guard and DuraScreen 30 are examples of commercially available, broad spectrum sunscreens. Sunscreens are best applied in the morning on days when sun exposure is anticipated. Sunscreens should be applied to the face, lower lip, ears, back of the neck, and backs of the hands and forearms. Hats should cover bald heads. The physician should explain that although sunscreens are used, additional lesions may occur, but that many superficial areas of involvement may actually improve.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Acid peels.</span><br />Glycolic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid that is useful as a chemical peeling agent. Actinic keratoses involve epidermal hyperplasia and retention of stratum corneum. Alpha hydroxy acids applied topically in high concentrations (30% to 70% glycolic acid) cause epidermolysis and elimination of keratosis. Fluorouracil cream may be used for 5 to 7 days prior to the peel to "light up" and identify the lesions. Glycolic acid is applied with a cotton swab to the keratoses, is left on for 5 to 10 minutes, and is then removed with alcohol. Trichloroacetic acid (35%) and Jessner's solution (14 g of resorcinol, 14 g of lactic acid, and 14 g of salicylic acid dissolved in ethanol to make a final solution of 100 ml) induce a medium-depth peel and equal fluorouracil in efficacy.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Topical chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil.</span><br />5-FU is an effective topical treatment for superficial actinic keratosis. Thicker lesions, especially those on the scalp, may evolve into squamous cell carcinomas and should be treated with more aggressive techniques. The agent is incorporated into rapidly dividing cells, resulting in cell death. Normal cells are less affected and clinically appear to be unaffected. Inflammation is induced during this process. Thick, indurated lesions become most inflamed and may best be managed by surgically removing them before instituting topical chemotherapy. discomfort may be experienced for 1 week or more during periods of intense inflammation. Pain can be minimized if only small areas are treated at one time; however, many patients wish to treat the full face instead of prolonging the unsightly erythema and crusting for weeks. Lesions on the back of the hands and arms require longer periods of treatment than those on the face. Patients with a small number of lesions may be treated during the summer or winter. Patients with a large number of lesions who work outdoors are best treated in the winter. Pharmaceutical companies that manufacture 5-FU supply patient information sheets with color photographs of the various stages of inflammation.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Topical chemotherapy with masoprocol.</span><br />Masoprocol (Actinex), a new topical antineoplastic agent, has been approved for treatment of actinic keratoses. A 71.4% reduction in the number of lesions occurs in 1 month when the cream is applied twice a day. Irritation is moderate. Topical 5-FU is more effective.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-19540502015141938742008-06-05T11:20:00.000-07:002008-09-28T04:01:28.841-07:00What is Basal cell carcinoma<span style="font-weight: bold;">Basal cell carcinoma</span> is the commonest malignant tumor affecting the skin. Clinically, it is a slow-growing locally invasive and locally destructive tumor in which distant metastases rarely occur. Several types are described based on their physical appearance, and there are a variety of clinical classifications. The essential component determined by clinical investigation is the extent of the tumor. Localized tumors generally have a clear cut-off point from tumor to normal tissue and the margins can be well defined. The papulonodular variety fits the classical description of the rodent ulcer with a rolled, pearly edge which often develops central ulceration. The solid type almost appears to grow out of the skin in an exophytic way and frequently has telangiatatic vessels coursing across its surface. The cystic variety can appear as a thin cyst, particularly around the eyelids, and sometimes also has telangiatatic vessels. <p class="MsoNormal">In the diffuse type, the pattern of spread is insidious, and defining the tumor margins can be difficult. The infiltrating type is clearly not purely an exophytic growth and infiltration of adjacent tissues can be demonstrated by palpation. The multifocal variety appears to have areas of almost normal looking skin which may represent healing of a previously ulcerated area. These multifocal lesions may be superficial or can infiltrate in depth. The morphoeic type of basal cell carcinoma infiltrates the dermis and produces a dense stromal reaction with stromal fibrosis. This gives the skin a characteristic white plaque-like appearance which is stiff, hence the term morphoea. The difficulty lies in determining the lateral extent of these tumors because of the dense stromal reaction. Metatypical basal cell carcinomas commonly appear as large, ulcerating, often exophytic, lesions. Characteristically they look very similar to squamous cell carcinomas but have a long history. It is the length of history that usually differentiates these tumors. Patients may present with more than one primary basal cell carcinoma which may be associated with a syndrome as discussed previously. Patients who have a basal cell carcinoma show a high incidence of a second lesion compared with the normal population. Second basal cell carcinomas frequently develop in the first year (16 per cent) and the incidence then falls to approximately 10 per cent over the next 4 years.<br />In addition to the physical appearance of primary basal cell carcinoma, there are three other clinical pictures which are encountered, namely recurrent basal cell carcinoma, aggressive or horrifying basal cell carcinoma, and metastatic basal cell carcinoma.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><u>Recurrent basal cell carcinoma<o:p></o:p></u></i><br />The clinical appearance of recurrent basal cell carcinoma is very variable and is often dependent on previous treatment. The margins are difficult to determine but recurrence should always be regarded as having a diffuse pattern. Patients at risk of developing recurrence include those who have already presented with recurrent basal cell carcinoma, those with basal cell carcinomas showing an aggressive histological pattern, and lesions arising at cosmetically sensitive sites where tissue is scarce.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><u>Horrifying basal cell carcinoma<o:p></o:p></u></i><br />This is the most dangerous basal cell carcinoma, characterized clinically by deep invasion and widespread destruction of adjacent tissues. The terminology is somewhat confusing, since it is also termed aggressive basal cell carcinoma, but this latter term applies to the histological appearance rather than the clinical appearance and behaviour. These tumors tend to occur in young individuals; they are large (more than 3 cm) and often appear in the region of the head and neck, particularly the scalp. Inadequate primary treatment is cited as an important factor in the development of horrifying basal cell carcinoma, particularly deep tumor extension following radiotherapy. The diffuse infiltrative type of basal cell carcinoma has been implicated in the development of these horrifying lesions, with a high incidence in morphoeic or metatypical basal cell carcinomas and those with adenoid differentiation. Unusual aetiologies such as arsenic, immuosuppression, and X-ray-induced tumors have also been implicated.<br />The clinical danger of these tumors, particularly those arising in the head and neck, is their capacity to infiltrate through bone and into the central nervous system causing widespread local destruction.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><u>Metastatic basal cell carcinoma<o:p></o:p></u></i><br />The development of a distant metastasis from a basal cell carcinoma is exceptionally rare, so much so that it remains worthy of a single case report. The incidence is reported as varying from 0.0028 per cent to 0.55 per cent. Characteristically, patients have a large basal cell carcinoma, usually of long standing, which has proved resistant to treatment at the local site. Metatypical basal cell carcinoma with squamous differentiation has been associated with metastases. Facial basal cell carcinomas tend to metastasize to regional nodes, but a wide variety of organs have also been reported as showing metastasis including lung, liver, brain, heart, and pericardium. The histological variations that occur in basal cell carcinoma continue to fuel the debate as to whether basal cell carcinomas do indeed metastasize or whether these tumors are variants of adnexal tumors.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><u>Pathological features<o:p></o:p></u></i><br />One of the major problems with basal cell carcinoma is that the cell of origin and the histiogenesis have not been accurately determined. The keratin phenotype of basal cell carcinoma would suggest an origin in the hair follicles. If this is indeed the case, then basal cell carcinoma is a type of adnexal tumor; however, because of its frequent occurrence it has been classified separately. Unlike many other tumors there does not appear to be a premalignant phase for basal cell carcinoma arising de novo. Basal cell carcinomas are composed of islands or nests of basophilic cells which resemble miniature basal cells of the epidermis lying in a connective tissue stroma. Typically the cells pack together in a regular manner to produce peripheral palisading. The cellular islands and nests within the stroma give them different patterns, and this has led to a variety of classifications. From the clinical perspective, it is the pattern and degree of infiltration and the arrangement of cells within the stroma that is most important rather than the degree of differentiation or number of mitoses present.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-13445380131240219772008-05-20T05:38:00.000-07:002008-09-27T22:09:18.077-07:00What are Nevi, or Moles<p class="MsoNormal">Nevi, or moles, are benign tumors composed of nevus cells that are derived from melanocytes. The well-publicized increase in the incidence of melanoma has stimulated the layperson's interest and concern about pigmented lesions.<br />Many myths surround moles; for example, that hairs should not be plucked from moles or that moles should not be removed or disturbed. These myths should be clarified.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nevus cells.</span><br />The nevus cell differs from melanocytes in a number of ways. The nevus cell is larger, lacks dendrites, has more abundant cytoplasm, and contains coarse granules. Nevus cells aggregate in groups (nests) or proliferate in a nonnested pattern in the basal region at the dermoepidermal junction. Nevus cells in the dermis are classified into types A (epithelioid), B (lymphocytoid), and C (neuroid). Through a process of maturation and downward migration, type A epidermal nevus cells develop into type B cells and then into type C dermal nevus cells.<br />Incidence and evolution.<br />Moles are so common that they appear on virtually every person. They are present in 1% of newborns and increase in incidence throughout infancy and childhood, reaching a peak at puberty. Size and pigmentation may increase at puberty and during pregnancy. A few may continue to appear throughout life. Nevi may occur anywhere on the cutaneous surface. There is a strong correlation between sun exposure and the number of nevi. Acquired nevi on the buttock or female breast are unusual.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nevi vs. melanoma.</span><br />Nevi exist in a variety of characteristic forms that must be readily recognized to distinguish them from malignant melanoma. Except for certain types, such as large congenital nevi and atypical moles, most nevi have a very low malignant potential.<br />Nevi vary in size, shape, surface characteristics, and color. The important fact to remember is that each individual nevus tends to remain uniform in color and shape. Although various shades of brown and black may be present in a single lesion, the colors are distributed over the surface in a uniform pattern.<br />Melanomas consist of malignant pigment cells that grow and extend with little constraint through the epidermis and into the dermis. Such unrestricted growth produces a lesion with a haphazard or disorganized appearance, which varies in shape, color, and surface characteristics. Nevertheless, the characteristics of uniformity cannot always be relied on to differentiate benign from malignant lesions because very early melanomas may appear quite uniform, having a round or oval shape with a uniform brown color.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Examination with a hand lens.</span><br />Careful inspection of suspicious lesions with a powerful hand lens may reveal irregularities in the border or minute areas of regression that suggest malignancy. Dome-shaped, pigmented lesions with uniform speckling over the surface are usually benign dermal nevi . A flat, dark macule with a uniform, netlike pattern is usually a lentigo. Lentigines with netlike patterns are most often found on the trunk.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">COMMON MOLES<br />Nevi may be classified as acquired or congenital, but clinical classification is based on appearance.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Classification.</span><br />Common moles are subdivided into three types: junctional, compound, and dermal, based on the location of the nevus cells in the skin. The three types represent sequential developmental stages in the life history of a mole. During childhood, nevi begin as flat junction nevi in which the nevus cells are located at the dermoepidermal junction. They evolve into compound nevi when some of the cells migrate into the dermis. Migration of all of the nevus cells into the dermis results in a dermal nevus. Dermal nevi usually form only in adults, but this evolution does not consistently occur. Nevi with cells confined to the dermoepidermal junction area tend to be flat, whereas those with cells confined to the dermis are usually elevated.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-53652581334042592212008-06-19T04:56:00.000-07:002008-09-27T10:21:18.869-07:00How to prevent skin cancerSKIN CANCER PREVENTION<br />For the nonmelanoma skin cancers, the most logical approach to prevention is to limit exposure of the skin to natural and artificial sources of UV radiation. This can be achieved in numerous ways, including the use of sunscreens, the avoidance of outdoor activities during the noon hours when the amount of UV radiation in sunlight is maximal, and the use of protective clothing. Reducing the lifetime dose of UV radiation reduces the risk of skin cancer development. Because the effects of UV radiation in causing nonmelanoma skin cancers are cumulative, we would expect that reducing sunlight exposure at any age would retard the rate of tumor development.<br />For melanoma and perhaps even for some basal cell carcinomas, it is not clear whether this strategy would be effective because there is not a simple, direct relationship between dose of UV radiation and melanoma induction. For example, if melanoma results from childhood exposure to UV radiation, as has been suggested, reducing sunlight exposure during adult life may not be beneficial in attempting to decrease the incidence of melanoma. Obviously, more information on the dose response, wavelength dependence, and mechanism of action of UV radiation in the induction of melanomas is needed to devise effective strategies for preventing even the melanomas that are sunlight-related.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-35298628968976221312008-05-23T19:54:00.000-07:002008-09-27T10:09:12.341-07:00What are Nevi, or Moles, part two<span style="font-weight: bold;">Junction nevi.</span><br />Junction nevi are flat (macular) or slightly elevated, and they are light brown to brown-black with uniform pigmentation that may be slightly irregular . The surface is smooth and flat to slightly elevated, and the border is round or oval and symmetric. Most lesions are hairless. Junction nevi vary in size from 0.1 to 0.6 cm; some are larger. Junction nevi may change into compound nevi after childhood, but they remain as junction nevi on palms, soles, and genitalia. Junction nevi are rare at birth and generally develop after the age of 2 years. Degeneration into melanoma is very rare.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Compound nevi.</span><br />Compound nevi are slightly elevated and flesh colored or brown. They are elevated and smooth or warty and become more elevated with increasing age . They are uniformly round, oval, and symmetric. Hair may be present. If a white halo appears at the periphery of the lesion, it is referred to as a halo nevus.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dermal nevi.</span><br />Dermal nevi are brown or black, but may become lighter or flesh-colored with age. Lesions vary in size from a few millimeters to a centimeter. The variety of shapes reflects the evolutionary process in which moles extend downward with age and nevus cells degenerate and become replaced by fat and fibrous tissue.<br />Dome-shaped lesions are the most common . They generally appear on the face and are symmetric, with a smooth surface. They may be white or translucent, with telangiectatic vessels on the surface mimicking basal cell carcinoma. The structure may be warty or polypoid . Pedunculated lesions with a narrow stalk are located on the trunk, neck, axilla, and groin. They may appear as a soft, flabby, wrinkled sack.<br />Elevated nevi are exposed and are prone to trauma from clothing and other stimuli, often causing them to bleed and inflame, influencing some patients to suspect malignancy. White borders may appear, creating a halo nevus. Degeneration to melanoma is very rare, but dermal nevi may resemble nodular melanoma; therefore, knowledge of duration is important.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Management of common moles</span><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Suspicious lesions.</span><br />Any pigmented lesion suspected of being malignant should be biopsied or referred for a second opinion. Suspicious lesions should be completely removed by excisional biopsy down to and including subcutaneous tissue.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Nevi.</span><br />Patients frequently request removal of nevi for cosmetic purposes. It is good practice to biopsy all pigmented lesions; therefore, total removal by electrocautery should be avoided. Nevi are removed either by shave excision or by simple excision and closure with sutures. Most common nevi are small and consequently shave excision is adequate.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Recurrent previously excised nevi (pseudomelanoma).</span><br />Weeks to months after incomplete removal of a nevus, brown macular pigmentation may appear in the scar. Some nevus cells remain with shave excision and partial repigmentation is possible. Residual pigmentation may be removed with electrocautery or cryosurgery. An unusual histologic picture resembling melanoma (pseudomelanoma) may follow partial removal of nevi. If the repigmented area is excised, the pathologist should always be notified that the submitted tissue was acquired from a previously treated area. Histologically, the melanocytes appear atypical but are confined to the epidermis, and there is no lateral spread of individual melanocytes.<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Nevi with small dark spots.</span><br />A small percentage of small dark dots within melanocytic nevi is due to melanoma. These roundish areas of brown or black hyperpigmentation measure 3 mm or less in diameter and are located peripherally. Biopsy specimens of nevi with small dark dots should be sectioned to ensure histologic examination of this focus of hyperpigmentation.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-12602071482197970332008-05-23T21:24:00.000-07:002008-09-27T10:08:11.755-07:00What are Nevi, or Moles, part threeSPECIAL FORMS<br />Special forms of pigmented lesions include congenital nevus, halo nevus, nevus spilus, Becker's nevus, benign juvenile melanoma (Spitz nevus), blue nevus, and labial melanotic macules.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Congenital nevi.</span><br />Congenital nevi (birthmarks) are present at birth and vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters, covering wide areas of the trunk, an extremity, or the face. Not all pigmented lesions present at birth are congenital nevi; cafe-au-lait spots may also be present at birth. The largest lesions are referred to as giant hairy nevi. Giant congenital nevi on the trunk are referred to as bathing trunk nevi .<br />Congenital nevi may contain hair; if present, it is usually coarse. Such nevi are uniformly pigmented, with various shades of brown or black predominating , but red or pink may be a minor or sometimes predominant color . Most are flat at birth, but become thicker during childhood, and the surface becomes verrucous and sometimes nodular.<br />The risk of developing melanoma in very large lesions is significant. Malignant transformation may occur early in childhood; therefore, large, thick lesions should be removed as soon as possible. The risk of developing malignancy may be related to the number of melanocytes and consequently to the size and thickness; however, melanomas have also developed in small congenital nevi. There is a large risk of melanoma in patients with nevi covering more than 5% of the body surface area. The risk of malignant degeneration for smaller congenital nevi is unknown. A report showed histologic features of congenital nevi in 8.1% of the melanoma specimens studied.<br />Management.<br />The incidence of melanomas in small congenital nevi is unknown. Persons with large congenital nevi (bathing trunk nevi) are at definite risk for the development of melanoma in childhood, and these nevi are managed by a plastic surgeon. Because of the possibility of malignant degeneration of congenital nevi, some experts recommend that all congenital nevi be considered for prophylactic excision. All congenital moles should be checked by a dermatologist. If a congenital mole is not surgically removed, it should be examined on a regular basis.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nevus spilus.</span><br />Nevus spilus is a hairless, oval or irregularly shaped, brown lesion that is dotted with darker brown-to-black spots. The brown area is usually flat, and the black dots may be slightly elevated and contain typical nevus cells . There is considerable variation in size, ranging from 1 to 20 cm; they may appear at any age. The anatomic position or time of onset is not related to sun exposure.<br />Nevus spilus is flat and necessitates excision and closure if the patient desires removal.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Becker's nevus.</span><br />Becker's nevus is not a nevocellular nevus because it lacks nevus cells. The lesion is a developmental anomaly consisting of either a brown macule , a patch of hair, or both . Nonhairy lesions may later develop hair. The lesions appear in adolescent men on the shoulder, submammary area, and upper and lower back. Becker's nevus varies in size and may enlarge to cover the entire upper arm or shoulder. The border is irregular and sharply demarcated. Malignancy has never been reported.<br />Becker's nevus is usually too large to remove and is best left untouched. The hair may be shaved or permanently removed.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Halo nevi.</span><br />A compound or dermal nevus that develops a white border is called a halo nevus. The depigmented halo is symmetric and round or oval with a sharply demarcated border . There are no melanocytes in the halo area. Histologically, chronic inflammatory cells may be present. Most halo nevi are located on the trunk; they never occur on palms and soles. Halo nevi develop spontaneously, most commonly during adolescence. They may occur as an isolated phenomenon or several nevi may spontaneously develop halos. Halos may repigment with time or the nevus may disappear. Repigmentation does not follow removal of the nevus. The incidence of vitiligo may be increased in patients with halo nevi. A halo may rarely develop around malignant melanoma, but in such instances it is usually not symmetric.<br />Removal of a halo nevus is unnecessary unless the nevus has atypical features. Parental concern over this impressive change is often reason for a conservative excision. In such cases, the mole part of a halo nevus may be removed by shave or excision.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Spitz nevus.</span><br />Spitz nevus, or benign juvenile melanoma, is most common in children, but does appear in adults. The term melanoma is used because the clinical and histologic appearance is similar to melanoma. They are hairless, red or reddish-brown, dome-shaped papules or nodules with a smooth or warty surface; they vary in size from 0.3 to 1.5 cm. The color is caused by increased vascularity, and bleeding sometimes follows trauma. Spitz nevi are usually solitary but may be multiple. They appear suddenly and, contrary to slowly evolving common moles, patients can sometimes date their onset. The benign juvenile melanoma should be removed for microscopic examination. Histologic differentiation from melanoma is sometimes difficult.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Blue nevus.</span><br />The blue nevus is a slightly elevated, round, regular nevus, usually less than 0.5 cm, and contains large amounts of pigment located in the dermis . The brown pigment absorbs the longer wavelengths of light and scatters blue light (Tyndall effect). The blue nevus appears in childhood and is most common on the extremities and dorsum of the hands. A rare variant, the cellular blue nevus, is larger (usually greater than 1 cm) and nodular and is frequently located on the buttock. There are reported cases of malignant degeneration of these larger blue nevi into melanomas.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Labial melanotic macule.</span><br />Brown macules on the lower lip are relatively common, especially in young adult women. Histologically, they resemble freckles and not lentigo, but unlike freckles, they do not darken with sun exposure.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-68276565904491179212008-06-24T07:54:00.000-07:002008-09-26T04:42:01.955-07:00What are Junctional NeviA junctional nevus is a mole found in the junction (border) between the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHXxmkJO2zqRJ_C1A6V61yhMeXia4_4mNJJ3EtWE3R0McBw_qsJKiH-23mUORB-iI-tCYPoJTNb9C5M83PCYqUUwepLJfRYvCU5RcznWsas3tNRs4OTWiawAra9PIHn38VM6L5tKkYbis/s1600-h/jnevus.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHXxmkJO2zqRJ_C1A6V61yhMeXia4_4mNJJ3EtWE3R0McBw_qsJKiH-23mUORB-iI-tCYPoJTNb9C5M83PCYqUUwepLJfRYvCU5RcznWsas3tNRs4OTWiawAra9PIHn38VM6L5tKkYbis/s400/jnevus.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5215452059524735010" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOH4eVw0JIsMmS9hA_AVVMTpyxpXLMk5d_ZbeVUk49hc8wCdIjh7FN6LGLusBejGkVqwNDv2WTWMHvGV19-NRRWDXhoOOSzWCPNVp4kOONrPBxmtjzgiWDjqR8jqGbH589aGzBWuQ1i-Y/s1600-h/jnevus+%282%29.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOH4eVw0JIsMmS9hA_AVVMTpyxpXLMk5d_ZbeVUk49hc8wCdIjh7FN6LGLusBejGkVqwNDv2WTWMHvGV19-NRRWDXhoOOSzWCPNVp4kOONrPBxmtjzgiWDjqR8jqGbH589aGzBWuQ1i-Y/s400/jnevus+%282%29.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5215452051331441378" border="0" /></a>Nests of nevus cells cluster at the dermoepidermal junction<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDIOrkVgLEqEWmFq0Jg2lmh4pIXZU7G6wU3Xu-7CaEBzVf5wGWb-V5Yq15qdoks3GsU8EXYjhhuwhmksvr8YXNhVzfpep0pUexB8b8cD2QKFvk1SuFSGet544V01-Fjp5Wp32-AzsQWAU/s1600-h/jnevus+%281%29.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDIOrkVgLEqEWmFq0Jg2lmh4pIXZU7G6wU3Xu-7CaEBzVf5wGWb-V5Yq15qdoks3GsU8EXYjhhuwhmksvr8YXNhVzfpep0pUexB8b8cD2QKFvk1SuFSGet544V01-Fjp5Wp32-AzsQWAU/s400/jnevus+%281%29.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5215452054060465730" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJLwKhhuSaiHmZZiftrn4GXUtBLOprSagav9-OelEo2Mc2Z7wu4oCvi5IgcG16XW5p6R60KPcLeXGr7fy0GkZsBImeYWcZgpuYvOD3CVOfkCOcHImSlyFNsIhlt-l5X5F8Wm8SAdjuaRA/s1600-h/jnevus+%283%29.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJLwKhhuSaiHmZZiftrn4GXUtBLOprSagav9-OelEo2Mc2Z7wu4oCvi5IgcG16XW5p6R60KPcLeXGr7fy0GkZsBImeYWcZgpuYvOD3CVOfkCOcHImSlyFNsIhlt-l5X5F8Wm8SAdjuaRA/s400/jnevus+%283%29.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5215452053406491106" border="0" /></a><span style="font-weight: bold;">Onset</span>: rare at birth and generally develop after the age of 2 years<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Site</span>: palms, soles, and the genitalia<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prevalence</span>: most common in children<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Size</span>: vary from 0.1 to 0.6 cm<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Appearance</span>: flat or slightly raised brown to tan macules with uniform pigmentation<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Surface</span>: smooth and flat to slightly elevated<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Border</span>: round or oval and symmetric<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Special features</span>: Hairless, with preserved surface skin markings<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Progress</span>: may change into compound nevi after childhood, Degeneration into melanoma is rare.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-1579543315298110472008-06-25T04:38:00.000-07:002008-09-26T04:40:13.754-07:00What are Compound Nevi<span style="font-weight: bold;">Origin</span>: both at the dermoepidermal junction and within the dermis<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Appearance</span>: slightly or markedly raised pigmented papules<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Surface</span>: smooth or slightly papillomatous<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Border</span>: have an irregular border but are symmetric<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Special features</span>: Hair may be present, the center tends to be more heavily pigmented than the periphery, If a white halo appears at the periphery of the lesion, it is referred to as a halo nevus<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Progress</span>: tend to increase in thickness and pigmentation in late childhood and adolescence.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh42K866YiZ98lLRuf9b486jP7ZsiEm__2lm2LwgM4sZQz9d1ZMlejdt92acau0jYkIxJ0hhh19thxAq-rBAewVkgKR63I-sbdl5EtCJI3PoM4nrayYsROGWz5Sid2g_aO0f7oQKa56azI/s1600-h/cnevus.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh42K866YiZ98lLRuf9b486jP7ZsiEm__2lm2LwgM4sZQz9d1ZMlejdt92acau0jYkIxJ0hhh19thxAq-rBAewVkgKR63I-sbdl5EtCJI3PoM4nrayYsROGWz5Sid2g_aO0f7oQKa56azI/s400/cnevus.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5215789823474311330" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUcSC2MvVUoBKLyW9IIp6m_OfDzwZV3RHei5m3zsnOI9FWR0rHxjTgPmjryXFlEidWAh9rpVzkR_qTYpmG0P3YNUPGGKGHx5DoNkwTkRILr0o5391vOivT96uwzNPmBzud2S44aHCbYdo/s1600-h/comp_nevus.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUcSC2MvVUoBKLyW9IIp6m_OfDzwZV3RHei5m3zsnOI9FWR0rHxjTgPmjryXFlEidWAh9rpVzkR_qTYpmG0P3YNUPGGKGHx5DoNkwTkRILr0o5391vOivT96uwzNPmBzud2S44aHCbYdo/s400/comp_nevus.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5215782420840062226" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJu_3zXhH_OKneAGrhkhKpGevy5TwO1g4jZ3y0NbJLyHv4WDP3PBSXh3pQ5dk2ESH7glgs7uak1BCN_XFvQ8XJ_ts6TvTk2oYuio7oQThLXwIXvwHJERq1sgiK6JUv_2DBiYWi1ivS6MM/s1600-h/comp_nevus1.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJu_3zXhH_OKneAGrhkhKpGevy5TwO1g4jZ3y0NbJLyHv4WDP3PBSXh3pQ5dk2ESH7glgs7uak1BCN_XFvQ8XJ_ts6TvTk2oYuio7oQThLXwIXvwHJERq1sgiK6JUv_2DBiYWi1ivS6MM/s400/comp_nevus1.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5215782423250981138" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDggYMyo9s3-eaGQzIly7uEbHFLLPcKhBA7fda8v_Nl1gsb2QYAsnqRdUS-yRGy1p1gTSTqqQOPJuRr_znEw6u2nQhuRyC27BA2y1NZdlkHI6ag_1bZYfGnOghUmwQYrbA-AY_UqpOoqg/s1600-h/comp_nevus+%281%29.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDggYMyo9s3-eaGQzIly7uEbHFLLPcKhBA7fda8v_Nl1gsb2QYAsnqRdUS-yRGy1p1gTSTqqQOPJuRr_znEw6u2nQhuRyC27BA2y1NZdlkHI6ag_1bZYfGnOghUmwQYrbA-AY_UqpOoqg/s400/comp_nevus+%281%29.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5215782425393974386" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSWDrX008zWEjhcaASdIunD0hSt0snnny0lq7pidQWgS11TEYB6gsV0a2rBtMflDx9B126erh_BdDq0ZE-zEAwhZvIxjUateqHtbgWExoDitMj5fCFzAUoByINQPE9lS0T4b0w95W0afw/s1600-h/comp_nevus+%282%29.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSWDrX008zWEjhcaASdIunD0hSt0snnny0lq7pidQWgS11TEYB6gsV0a2rBtMflDx9B126erh_BdDq0ZE-zEAwhZvIxjUateqHtbgWExoDitMj5fCFzAUoByINQPE9lS0T4b0w95W0afw/s400/comp_nevus+%282%29.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5215782430571487026" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZuDSZJdh4vyCErwj6271n4bjGFf_5P0_hEJURjoRZHizrizvQei4d1E2C8jvJeTT0xNSXB8j7G9jWYM0Jrx3w0eYGfk55CEHbc6ez4wmmA1zgoPQFRZDQxzo3MS0j0g7h_DHhNsvS3YA/s1600-h/comp_nevus+%283%29.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZuDSZJdh4vyCErwj6271n4bjGFf_5P0_hEJURjoRZHizrizvQei4d1E2C8jvJeTT0xNSXB8j7G9jWYM0Jrx3w0eYGfk55CEHbc6ez4wmmA1zgoPQFRZDQxzo3MS0j0g7h_DHhNsvS3YA/s400/comp_nevus+%283%29.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5215782436212922034" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3589558505666731862.post-58503678556353469622008-06-25T06:13:00.000-07:002008-09-26T04:26:58.560-07:00What are Dermal NeviOnset: mainly after adolescence<br />Site: generally appear on the face<br />Origin: Nests and cords of nevus cells are found within the dermis; they may extend into the subcutaneous fat<br />Size: vary in size from a few millimeters to a centimeter<br />Shape: Dome-shaped lesions are the most common, The variety of shapes reflects the evolutionary process in which moles extend downward with age and nevus cells degenerate or become replaced by fat and fibrous tissue<br />Appearance: elevated, fleshy, and slightly or moderately pigmented papules, may appear as a soft, flabby, wrinkled sack<br />Surface: smooth, may be white or translucent, with telangiectatic vessels<br />Color: brown or black, but may become lighter or flesh-colored with time<br />Border: symmetric, white borders may appear, creating a halo nevus<br />Special features: Pigmentation may be arranged in flecks. Coarse, dark, terminal hairs may grow from the nevus. may be warty or polypoid. Pedunculated lesions with a narrow stalk are located on the trunk, neck, axilla, and groin<br />Complications: prone to trauma from clothing and other stimuli, often causing them to bleed<br />Progress: Degeneration into melanoma is rare<br />Differential Diagnosis: 1- dermal nevi may resemble nodular melanoma, 2- trauma causing them to bleed and inflame, influencing some patients to suspect malignancy. 3- telangiectatic vessels on the surface mimicking basal cell carcinoma.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi91uvoI_xYjghCb5Ih98kxafShkkkiKWN11lfK4TpX_sjxjNish3fJdQb4_7RBbC9uMUei7zQ1sas3J2TpxggzgkBk9Pt-p_OXglb8X2L6uNFX6STvbyx72a43DHlPOyN1oZ7COkKkcOc/s1600-h/dnevus.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi91uvoI_xYjghCb5Ih98kxafShkkkiKWN11lfK4TpX_sjxjNish3fJdQb4_7RBbC9uMUei7zQ1sas3J2TpxggzgkBk9Pt-p_OXglb8X2L6uNFX6STvbyx72a43DHlPOyN1oZ7COkKkcOc/s400/dnevus.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5215808872964241362" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik_Q6OzRcwqePTEdmIZemwvnBw-SPeKIY_-iKbSjo1tYw-2TQTB0yLHEBujXqAXp07JWeVS2YjrRC_kmSl5GheIaRj_Hly2vk5Cthp_pja2vukpDtBip9-HQsPlryRk4HfrzlyMedScpc/s1600-h/dermal+nevi+%283%29.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik_Q6OzRcwqePTEdmIZemwvnBw-SPeKIY_-iKbSjo1tYw-2TQTB0yLHEBujXqAXp07JWeVS2YjrRC_kmSl5GheIaRj_Hly2vk5Cthp_pja2vukpDtBip9-HQsPlryRk4HfrzlyMedScpc/s400/dermal+nevi+%283%29.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5215807536845829074" border="0" /></a><br />Histologically Dermal Nevi are composed of nests and cords of nevus cells are found within the dermis; they may extend into the subcutaneous fat. Melanocytic cells are pale, uniform in size and are found in cords or clusters surrounded by collagen bundles in the dermis.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-hgCl7cesAHb1yWfYV6n09u5uyFxEfKhJN34e0O-FDfG3An6JmYf5mTPbXrLpv4FTIBidA_K7-3wduCVzAt1Kaqu2EVmv0oHWrWr09M4LkjkkmxeANq19nSby08CpElmT8Qj_CwqQnB0/s1600-h/dermal+nevus.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-hgCl7cesAHb1yWfYV6n09u5uyFxEfKhJN34e0O-FDfG3An6JmYf5mTPbXrLpv4FTIBidA_K7-3wduCVzAt1Kaqu2EVmv0oHWrWr09M4LkjkkmxeANq19nSby08CpElmT8Qj_CwqQnB0/s400/dermal+nevus.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5215817178675024818" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQACuQiLq6lD96eawys9uNwhgHLaZvrMmZ6bKtGPCOK5B_0XV0h3NPFFViCLugXuJR286NMaXt6wUVTyRsx9bscERQAfDy89NOlz0NCyOsepkNUawcVN2cyGoUkxTANEXUzGp3uUFamMA/s1600-h/dermal+nevi+%285%29.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; 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